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Table 2. Components in bovine milk and their chances to be modified according to feeding strategies, substrates involved in their synthesis and feeding strategies that may be used.
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Components in bovine milk and their chances to be modified according to feeding strategies, substrates involved in their synthesis and feeding strategies that may be used |
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| Milk component | Possibility for modification1 | Substrates involved in synthesis | Feeding strategies |
| Fat | Moderate | ↓Acetic-and butyric acid for de novo synthesis | High intake and proportion of concentrates |
| ↓Long unsaturated FA | High intake and proportion of unsaturated fatty acids | ||
| Saturated fatty acids | Minor to moderate | ↓Acetic-and butyric acid for de novo synthesis. | Low intake and proportion of roughages |
| ↓Long saturated FA | Low proportion saturated/unsaturated fatty acids | ||
| Oleic acid | Moderate | ↑Oleic acid | High intake/proportion of oilic acid |
| ↑Stearic acid | High intake/proportion of stearic acid | ||
| ↑Stearic acid | High intake/proportion of polyunsaturated C18-acids Pasture | ||
| CLA | Considerable | ↑CLA | High intake/proportion of linoleic acid. |
| ↑Vaccenic acid | High intake/proportion of unsaturated FA. Pasture | ||
| Vaccenic acid | Considerable | ↓Vaccenic acid | Low intake of oleic- and linolenic acid |
| Ratio omega 6/3 | Moderate | ↓Omega 6:3 FA | High intake/proportion of linolenic acid. Pasture |
| Protein | Minor | ↑Energy supply | High intake of diet with relatively low content of fat, but high energy concentration |
| ↑Amino acid supply | Favourable conditions for microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. High intake/proportion of dietary by-pass protein | ||
| Calcium | Minor | ||
| Magnesium | Minor | ||
| Zinc | Minor | ||
| Iodine | Considerable | Supplementation | |
| Selenium | Considerable | Supplementation | |
| Vitamin E | Considerable | Vitamin E | Pasture, well preserved silages, concentrates with naturally high content, mineral supplementation |
| Carotene/Vitamin A | Considerable | Carotene/Vitamin A | Pasture, well preserved silages, concentrates with naturally high content, mineral supplementation |
| Folate | Minor | ||
| Riboflavin | Minor | ||
| Vitamin B12 | Minor | ||
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1Minor; ≈ < 25 % change. Moderate; ≈ 25–100 % change. Considerable; ≈ > 100 % change. |
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