References

  1. Bringsvar TA: En kjempe så stor som hele verden.

    Gyldendal norsk forlag A/S, Norway 1985. OpenURL

    Return to text

  2. Saxelin M, Korpela R, Mayra-Makinen A: Introduction: classifying functional dairy products.In Functional dairy products. Edited by: Mattila-Sandholm T, Saarela M. Woodhead Publishing Limited, UK; 2003:1-16. OpenURL

    Return to text

  3. Utviklingen i norsk kosthold:

    Rapport fra Sosial og helsedirektoratet, Norway. 2003. OpenURL

    Return to text

  4. Insel P, Turner RE, Ross D: Nutrition. Second edition. American dietetic association, Jones and Bartlett, USA; 2004. OpenURL

    Return to text

  5. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L: Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study.

    Lancet 2004, 364:937-52. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  6. Keenan TW, Patton S: The structure of milk.In Handbook of milk composition. Edited by: Jensen RG. Academic Press, USA; 1995:5-50. OpenURL

    Return to text

  7. Ontsouka CE, Bruckmaier RM, Blum JW: Fractionized milk composition during removal of colostrum and mature milk.

    J Dairy Sci 2003, 86:2005-11. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  8. Jensen RG, Newburg DS: Bovine milk lipids.In Handbook of milk composition. Edited by: Jensen RG. Academic Press, USA; 1995:543-575. OpenURL

    Return to text

  9. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference [http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/] webcite

    OpenURL

    (accessed September 3, 2007)

    Return to text

  10. Grundy SM: Influence of stearic acid on cholesterol metabolism relative to other long-chain fatty acids.

    Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 60:986S-990S. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  11. Thormar H, Isaacs EE, Kim KS, Brown HR: Interaction of visna virus and other enveloped viruses by free fatty acids and monoglycerides.

    Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994, 724:465-71. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  12. German JB: Butyric acid: a role in cancer prevention.

    Nutr Bull 1999, 24:293-9. OpenURL

    Return to text

  13. Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, Katan MB: Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77:1146-55. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  14. Sun CQ, O'Connor CJ, Roberton AM: The antimicrobial properties of milkfat after partial hydrolysis by calf pregastric lipase.

    Chem Biol Interact 2002, 140:185-98. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  15. Schuster GS, Dirksen TR, Ciarlone AE, Burnett GW, Reynolds MT, Lankford MT: Anticaries and antiplaque potential of free-fatty acids in vitro and in vivo.

    Pharmacol Ther Dent 1980, 5:25-33. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  16. Sun CQ, O'Connor CJ, Roberton AM: Antibacterial actions of fatty acids and monoglycerides against Helicobacter pylori.

    FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2003, 36:9-17. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  17. Henry GE, Momin RA, Nair MG, Dewitt DL: Antioxidant and cyclooxygenase activities of fatty acids found in food.

    J Agric Food Chem 2002, 50:2231-4. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  18. Chi D, Nakano M, Yamamoto K: Milk and milk products consumption in relationship to serum lipid levels: a community-based study of middle-aged and older population in Japan.

    Cent Eur J Public Health 2004, 12:84-7. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  19. Mensink RP, Katan MB: Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a metaanalysis of 27 trials.

    Arterioscler Thromb 1992, 12:911-19. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  20. Hegsted DM, Ausman LM, Johnson JA, Dallal GE: Dietary fat and serum lipids.

    Am J Clin Nutr 1993, 57:875-83. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  21. Sandstrom B, Marckmann P, Bindslev N: An eight-month controlled study of a low-fat high-fibre diet: effects on blood lipids and blood pressure in healthy young subjects.

    Eur J Clin Nutr 1992, 46:95-109. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  22. Marckmann P, Sandstrom B, Jespersen J: Low-fat, high-fiber diet favorably affects several independent risk markers of ischemic heart disease: observations on blood lipids, coagulation, and fibrinolysis from a trial of middle-aged Danes.

    Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 59:935-9. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  23. Seidel C, Deufel T, Jahreis G: Effects of fat-modified dairy products on blood lipids in humans in comparison with other fats.

    Ann Nutr Metab 2005, 49:42-8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  24. Bosaeus I: Milk and cholesterol.

    Vår Föda 1991, 43:98-101. OpenURL

    Return to text

  25. Eichholzer M, Stahelin H: Is there a hypocholesterolemic factor in milk and milk products?

    Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1993, 63(3):158-167. OpenURL

    Return to text

  26. Elwood PC, Pickering JE, Hughes J, Fehily AM, Ness AR: Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke. Evidence from cohort studies.

    Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58:718-24. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  27. Stähelin HB: Nutritional factors Correlating with Cardivascular Disease: Results of the Basel Study.

    In Nutrition and Cardiovascular Risks. Bibl Nutr Dieta. Basel, Karger Edited by: Somogyi JC, Biro GY, Hotzel D. 1992, 49:24-35. OpenURL

    Return to text

  28. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Rosner BA, Sampson LA, Hennekens CH: Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women.

    The Lancet 1993, 341:581-35. Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  29. Fehily AM, Yarnell JW, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC: Diet and incident ishaemic heart disease: The Caerpilly study.

    British Journal of Nutrition 1993, 69:303-14. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  30. Ness AR, Smith GD, Hart C: Milk, coronary heart disease and mortality.

    J Epidemiol Community Health 2000, 55:379-82. Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  31. Smedman AE, Gustafsson IB, Berglund LG, Vessby BO: Pentadecanoic acid in serum as a marker for intake of milk fat: relations between intake of milk fat and metabolic risk factors.

    Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69:22-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  32. Warensjo E, Jansson JH, Berglund L, Boman K, Ahren B, Weinehall L, Lindahl B, Hallmans G, Vessby B: Estimated intake of milk fat is negatively associated with cardiovascular risk factors and does not increase the risk of a first acute myocardial infarction. A prospective case-control study.

    Br J Nutr 2004, 91:635-42. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  33. Biong AS, Veierod MB, Ringstad J, Thelle DS, Pedersen JI: Intake of milk fat, reflected in adipose tissue fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: a case-control study.

    Eur J Clin Nutr 2006, 60:236-44. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  34. Biong AS: Dairy products and myocardial infarction.PhD thesis. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; 2007. OpenURL

    Return to text

  35. Sjogren P, Rosell M, Skoglund-Andersson C, Zdravkovic S, Vessby B, de Faire U, Hamsten A, Hellenius ML, Fisher RM: Milk-derived fatty acids are associated with a more favorable LDL particle size distribution in healthy men.

    J Nutr 2004, 134:1729-35. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  36. St-Pierre AC, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Mauriege P, Bernard PM, Despres JP, Lamarche B: Low-density lipoprotein subfractions and the long-term risk of ischemic heart disease in men: 13-year follow-up data from the quebec cardiovascular study.

    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005, 25:553-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  37. Picard S: Lipoprotein glyco-oxidation.

    Diabete Metab 1995, 21:89-94. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  38. Goff DC Jr, D'Agostino RB Jr, Haffner SM, Otvos JD: Insulin resistance and adiposity influence lipoprotein size and subclass concentrations. Results from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study.

    Metabolism 2005, 54:264-70. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  39. Lamarche B, Lemieux I, Despres JP: The small, dense LDL phenotype and the risk of coronary heart disease: epidemiology, patho-physiology and therapeutic aspects.

    Diabetes Metab 1999, 25:199-211. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  40. Tonstad S, Hjermann I: A high risk score for coronary heart disease is associated with the metabolic syndrome in 40-year-old men and women.

    J Cardiovasc Risk 2003, 10:129-35. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  41. Hostmark AT, Osland A, Simonsen S, Levorstad K: Lipoprotein-related coronary risk factors in patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease: relation to number of stenosed arteries.

    J Intern Med 1990, 228:317-21. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  42. Ridker PM: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk: from concept to clinical practice to clinical benefit.

    Am Heart J 2004, 148:S19-26. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  43. Fredrikson GN, Hedblad B, Nilsson JA, Alm R, Berglund G, Nilsson J: Association between diet, lifestyle, metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, and plasma C-reactive protein levels.

    Metabolism 2004, 53:1436-42. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  44. Lichtenstein AH, Erkkila AT, Lamarche B, Schwab US, Jalbert SM, Ausman LM: Influence of hydrogenated fat and butter on CVD risk factors: remnant-like particles, glucose and insulin, blood pressure and C-reactive protein.

    Atherosclerosis 2003, 171:97-107. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  45. German JB, Dillard CJ: Saturated fats: what dietary intake?

    Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:550-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  46. Kris-Etherton PM, Pearson TA, Wan Y, Hargrove RL, Moriarty K, Fishell V, Etherton TD: High-monounsaturated fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations.

    Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 70:1009-15. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  47. Ip C: Review of the effects of trans fatty acids, oleic acid, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and conjugated linoleic acid on mammary carcinogenesis in animals.

    Am J Clin Nutr 1997, 66:1523S-1529S. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  48. Bartsch H, Nair J: Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation-derived DNA-lesions in inflammation driven carcinogenesis.

    Cancer Detect Prev 2004, 28:385-91. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  49. Bartsch H, Nair J, Owen RW: Exocyclic DNA adducts as oxidative stress markers in colon carcinogenesis: potential role of lipid peroxidation, dietary fat and antioxidants.

    Biol Chem 2002, 383:915-21. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  50. Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M, Sanz A, Requena J, Barja G: Modification of the longevity-related degree of fatty acid unsaturation modulates oxidative damage to proteins and mitochondrial DNA in liver and brain.

    Exp Gerontol 2004, 39:725-33. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  51. Bielicki JK, Forte TM, McCall MR: Gas-phase cigarette smoke inhibits plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase activity by modification of the enzyme's free thiols.

    Biochim Biophys Acta 1995, 1258:35-40. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  52. De Lorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, et al.: Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease.

    Lancet 1994, 343:1454-59. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  53. Nicolosi RJ, Woolfrey B, Wilson TA, Scollin P, et al.: Decreased aortic early atherosclerosis and associated risk factors in hypercholesterolemic hamsters fed a high- or mid-oleic acid oil compared to a high-linoleic acid oil.

    J Nutr Biochem 2004, 15:540-47. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  54. Alfthan G, Aro A, Gey KF: Plasma homocysteine and cardiovascular disease mortality.

    Lancet 1997, 349:397. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  55. Anonymous: International longevity comparisons.

    Stat Bull Metrop Insur Co 1992, 73:10-15. OpenURL

    Return to text

  56. Haug A, Hallaq H, Leaf A: Potential antiatherogenic effects of omega-3 fatty acids.In Thrombosis, an update. Edited by: Neri Serneri GG, Gensini GF, Abbate R, Prisco D. Scientific press, Florence; 1992:361-372. OpenURL

    Return to text

  57. Jump DB, Clarke SD: Regulation of gene expression by dietary fat.

    Annu Rev Nutr 1999, 19:63-90. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  58. Bagga D, Wang L, Farias-Eisner R, Glaspy JA, Reddy ST: Differential effects of prostaglandin derived from omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on COX-2 expression and IL-6 secretion.

    Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003, 100:1751-6. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  59. Bartsch H, Nair J, Owen RW: Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and cancers of the breast and colorectum: emerging evidence for their role as risk modifiers.

    Carcinogenesis 1999, 20:2209-18. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  60. Thorsdottir I, Hill J, Ramel A: Omega-3 fatty acid supply from milk associates with lower type 2 diabetes in men and coronary heart disease in women.

    Prev Med 2004, 39:630-34. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  61. Hjartaker A, Laake P, Lund E: Childhood and adult milk consumption and risk of premenopausal breast cancer in a cohort of 48,844 women – the Norwegian women and cancer study.

    Int J Cancer 2001, 93:888-93. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  62. w3-FA in food intake in France [http://www.afssa.fr/Object.asp?IdObj=16034&Pge=0&CCH=050411131233:26:4&cwSID=BD23E41A64B54ECEB776487C408F5062&AID=0] webcite

    OpenURL

    Return to text

  63. Wahle KW, Heys SD, Rotondo D: Conjugated linoleic acids: are they beneficial or detrimental to health?

    Prog Lipid Res 2004, 43:553-87. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  64. Delmonte P, Kataok A, Corl BA, Bauman DE, Yurawecz MP: Relative retention order of all isomers of cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid FAME from the 6,8- to 13,15-positions using silver ion HPLC with two elution systems.

    Lipids 2005, 40:509-14. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  65. Ding ST, McNeel RL, Mersmann HJ: Modulation of adipocyte determination and differentiation-dependent factor 1 by selected polyunsaturated fatty acids.

    In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2002, 38:352-7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  66. Roche HM, Noone E, Sewter C: Isomer-dependent metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid: insights from molecular markers sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and LXRalpha.

    Diabetes 2002, 51:2037-44. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  67. Stene O, Thuen E, Lindstad P, Haug A: Innhold av konjugert linolsyre (CLA) i mjølk fra kyr i to ulike produksjonssystemer.

    Husdyrforsøksmøtet, Norway 2002, p557-60. OpenURL

    Return to text

  68. Bell JA, Griinari JM, Kennelly JJ: Effect of safflower oil, flaxseed oil, monensin, and vitamin E on concentration of conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk fat.

    J Dairy Sci 2006, 89:733-48. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  69. Terpstra AH: Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and plasma lipids in humans: an overview of the literature.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:352-61. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  70. Tricon S, Burdge GC, Kew S, Banerjee T, Russell JJ, Jones EL, Grimble RF, Williams CM, Yaqoob P, Calder PC: Opposing effects of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on blood lipids in healthy humans.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:614-20. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  71. Valeille K, Gripois D, Blouquit MF, Souidi M, Riottot M, Bouthegourd JC, Serougne C, Martin JC: Lipid atherogenic risk markers can be more favourably influenced by the cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoate isomer than a conjugated linoleic acid mixture or fish oil in hamsters.

    Br J Nutr 2004, 91:191-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  72. Gavino VC, Gavino G, Leblanc MJ, Tuchweber B: An isomeric mixture of conjugated linoleic acids but not pure cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid affects body weight gain and plasma lipids in hamsters.

    J Nutr 2000, 130:27-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  73. Benito P, Nelson GJ, Kelly DS, Bartolini G, Schmidt PC, Simon V: The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on plasma lipoproteins and tissue fatty acid composition in humans.

    Lipids 2001, 36:229-36. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  74. Thomas Yeung CH, Yang L, Huang Y, Wang J, Chen ZY: Dietary conjugated linoleic acid mixture affects the activity of intestinal acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase in hamsters.

    Br J Nutr 2000, 84:935-41. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  75. Ostrowska E, Cross RF, Muralitharan M, Bauman DE, Dunshea FR: Effects of dietary fat and conjugated linoleic acid on plasma metabolite concentrations and metabolic responses to homeostatic signals in pigs.

    Br J Nutr 2002, 88:625-34. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  76. Ha YL, Grimm NK, Pariza MW: Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid.

    Carcinogenesis 1987, 8:1881-7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  77. Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A: High-fat dairy food and conjugated linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:894-900. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  78. Ochoa JJ, Farquharson AJ, Grant I, Moffat LE, Heys SD, Wahle KW: Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) decrease prostate cancer cell proliferation: different molecular mechanisms for cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers.

    Carcinogenesis 2004, 25:1185-91. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  79. Akahoshi A, Koba K, Ichinose F, Kaneko M, Shimoda A, Nonaka K, Yamasaki M, Iwata T, Yamauchi Y, Tsutsumi K, Sugano M: Dietary protein modulates the effect of CLA on lipid metabolism in rats.

    Lipids 2004, 39:25-30. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  80. Iwakiri Y, Sampson DA, Allen KG: Suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by conjugated linoleic acid in murine macrophages.

    Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2002, 67:435-43. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  81. Cheng WL, Lii CK, Chen HW, Lin TH, Liu KL: Contribution of conjugated linoleic acid to the suppression of inflammatory responses through the regulation of the NF-kappaB pathway.

    J Agric Food Chem 2004, 52:71-8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  82. Ledoux M, Chardigny J-M, Darbois M, Soustre Y, Sebedio J-L, Laloux L: Fatty acid composition of French butters with special emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers.

    J of food composition and analysis 2005, 18:409-25. Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  83. Precht D, Molktentin J: Rapid analysis of isomers of trans-octadecenoic acid in milk fat.

    Int Dairy J 1996, 6:791-809. Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  84. Roche JR, Petch S, Kay JK: Manipulating the dietary cation-anion difference via drenching to early-lactation dairy cows grazing pasture.

    J Dairy Sci 2005, 88:264-76. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  85. Tricon S, Burdge GC, Jones EL, Russell JJ, El-Khazen S, Moretti E, Hall WL, Gerry AB, Leake DS, Grimble RF, Williams CM, Calder PC, Yaqoob P: Effects of dairy products naturally enriched with cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid on the blood lipid profile in healthy middle-aged men.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2006, 83:744-53. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  86. Kay JK, Mackle TR, Auldist MJ, Thomson NA, Bauman DE: Endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows fed fresh pasture.

    J Dairy Sci 2004, 87:369-78. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  87. Santora J, Palmquist D, Rorhrig KL: Vaccenic acid is desaturated to conjugated linoleic acid in mice.

    J Nutr 2000, 130:208-15. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  88. Glaser KR, Wenk C, Scheeder MR: Effects of feeding pigs increasing levels of C 18:1 trans fatty acids on fatty acid composition of backfat and intramuscular fat as well as backfat firmness.

    Arch Tierernahr 2002, 56:117-30. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  89. Turpeinen AM, Mutanen M, Aro A, Salminen I, Basu S, Palmquist DL, Griinari JM: Bioconversion of vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid in humans.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 76:504-10. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  90. Mensink RP, Katan MB: Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy subjects.

    N Engl J Med 1990, 323:439-45. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  91. Ascherio A, Katan MB, Zock PL, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC: Trans fatty acids and coronary heart disease.

    N Engl J Med 1999, 340:1994-8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  92. Meijer GW, van Tol A, van Berkel TJ, Weststrate JA: Effect of dietary elaidic versus vaccenic acid on blood and liver lipids in the hamster.

    Atherosclerosis 2001, 157:31-40. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  93. Clifton PM, Keogh JB, Noakes M: Trans fatty acids in adipose tissue and the food supply are associated with myocardial infarction.

    J Nutr 2004, 134:874-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  94. Pan XL, Izumi T: Variation of the ganglioside compositions of human milk. Cow's milk and infant formulas.

    Early Hum Dev 2000, 57:25-31. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  95. Korhonen HM, Pihlanto-Leppala A, Rantamaki P, Tupasela T: Impact of processing on bioactive proteins and peptides.

    Trends Food Sci Technol 1998, 8:307-19. Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  96. Clare DA, Swaisgood HE: Bioactive milk peptides: a prospectus.

    J Dairy Sci 2000, 83:1187-95. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  97. Nilsson M, Holst JJ, Bjorck IM: Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: studies using glucose-equivalent drinks.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2007, 85:996-1004. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  98. Ezine articles [http://ezinearticles.com/?Whey-Protein-Importance&id=2851] webcite

    OpenURL

    (accessed August 30, 2007)

    Return to text

  99. Lönnerdal B: Supplements. Preface.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77:1535S-1536S. OpenURL

    Return to text

  100. Meisel H, FitzGerald RJ: Biofunctional peptides from milk proteins: mineral binding and cytomodulatory effects.

    Curr Pharm 2003, 9(16):1289-1295. Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  101. Swaisgood HE: Protein and amino acid composition of bovine milk.In Handbook of milk composition. Edited by: Jensen RG. Academic Press, USA; 1995:464-468. OpenURL

    Return to text

  102. Birgisdottir BE, Hill JP, Harris DP, Thorsdottir I: Variation in consumption of cow milk proteins and lower incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Iceland vs the other 4 Nordic countries.

    Diabetes Nutr Metab 2002, 15:240-5. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  103. Truswell AS: The A2 milk case: a critical review.

    Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59:623-31. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  104. Jauhiainen T, Korpela R: Milk peptides and blood pressure.

    J Nutr 2007, 137:825S-9S. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  105. Layman DK: The role of leucine in weight loss diets and glucose homeostatis.

    J Nutr 2003, 133:261S-267S. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  106. Etzel MR: Manufacture and use of dairy protein fractions.

    J Nutr 2004, 134:996S-1002S. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  107. Wolfe RR: Regulation of muscle protein by amino acids.

    J Nutr 2002, 3219S-3224S. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  108. Frid AH, Nilsson M, Holst JJ, Bjorck IM: Effect of whey on blood glucose and insulin responses to composite breakfast and lunch meals in type 2 diabetic subjects.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:69-75. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  109. Pereira MA, Jacobs DR Jr, Van Horn L, Slattery ML, Kartashov AI, Ludwig DS: Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the CARDIA Study.

    JAMA 2002, 287:2081-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  110. Cataldi TR, Telesca G, Bianco G: Improved determination of taurine by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-IPAD).

    Anal Bioanal Chem 2004, 378:804-10. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  111. Lourenco R, Camilo ME: Taurine: a conditionally essential amino acid in humans? An overview in health and disease.

    Nutr Hosp 2002, 17:262-70. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  112. Li F, Obrosova IG, Abatan O, Tian D, Larkin D, Stuenkel EL, Stevens MJ: Taurine replacement attenuates hyperalgesia and abnormal calcium signaling in sensory neurons of STZ-D rats.

    Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005, 288:E29-36. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  113. Burger U, Gobel R: Taurine requirement of premature infants in parenteral nutrition.

    Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1992, 140:416-21. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  114. Fennessy FM, Moneley DS, Wang JH, Kelly CJ, Bouchier-Hayes DJ: Taurine and vitamin C modify monocyte and endothelial dysfunction in young smokers.

    Circulation 2003, 107:410-5. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  115. Park E, Jia J, Quinn MR, Schuller-Levis G: Taurine chloramine inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and decreases cytokine production in activated human leukocytes.

    Clin Immunol 2002, 102:179-84. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  116. Silva MA, Cunha GM, Viana GS, Rao VS: Taurine modulates chemical nociception in mice.

    Braz J Med Biol Res 1993, 26:1319-24. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  117. Sprietsma JE: Modern diets and diseases: NO-zinc balance. Under Th1, zinc and nitrogen monoxide (NO) collectively protect against viruses, AIDS, autoimmunity, diabetes, allergies, asthma, infectious diseases, atherosclerosis and cancer.

    Med Hypotheses 1999, 53:6-16. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  118. Cai J, Chen Y, Seth S, Furukawa S, Compans RW, Jones DP: Inhibition of influenza infection by glutathione.

    Free Radic Biol Med 2003, 34:928-36. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  119. Lindmark-Mansson H, Akesson B: Antioxidative factors in milk.

    Br J Nutr 2000, 84(Suppl 1):S103-10. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  120. Dodig S, Cepelak I: The facts and controverses about selenium.

    Acta Pharm 2004, 54:261-76. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  121. Saito Y, Sato N, Hirashima M, Takebe G, et al.: Domain structure of bi-functional selenoprotein P.

    Biochem J 2004, 381:841-46. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  122. Traulsen H, Steinbrenner H, Buchzyk DP, Klotz LO: Selenoprotein P protects low-density lipoprotein against oxidation.

    Free Radic Res 2004, 38:123-28. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  123. McDermid JM, Lalonde RG, Gray-Donald K, Baruchel S, et al.: Associations between dietary antioxidant intake and oxidative stress in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative men and women.

    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002, 29:158-64. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  124. Shamberger RJ, Tytko SA, Willis CE: Selenium and heart disease.In Trace Substances in Environmental Health-IX. Edited by: Hemphill DD. University of Missouri, Columbia; 1975:15-22. OpenURL

    Return to text

  125. Shamberger RJ, Willis CE, McCormack LJ: Selenium and heart disease. III. Blood selenium and heart mortality in 19 states.In Trace Substances in Environmental Health-XIII. Edited by: Hemphill DD. University of Missouri, Columbia; 1979:59-63. OpenURL

    Return to text

  126. Allam MF, Lucane RA: Selenium supplementation for asthma.

    Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, (2):CD003538. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  127. Rayman MP: The argument for increasing selenium intake.

    Proc Nutr Soc 2002, 61:203-15. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  128. Hans CP, Chaudhary DP, Bansal DD: Magnesium deficiency increases oxidative stress in rats.

    Indian J Exp Biol 2002, 40:1275-9. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  129. Cheuk DK, Chau TC, Lee SL: A meta-analysis on intravenous magnesium sulphate for treating acute asthma.

    Arch Dis Child 2005, 90:74-7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  130. Harada H, Tsujino T, Watari Y, Nonaka H, Emoto N, Yokoyama M: Oral taurine supplementation prevents fructose-induced hypertension in rats.

    Heart Vessels 2004, 19:132-6. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  131. Hansen M, Sandstrom B, Lonnerdal B: The effect of casein phosphopeptides on zinc and calcium absorption from high phytate infant diets assessed in rat pups and Caco-2 cells.

    Pediatr Res 1996, 40:547-52. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  132. Kaushik S, Wander R, Leonard S, German B, Traber MG: Removal of fat from cow's milk decreases the vitamin E contents of the resulting dairy products.

    Lipids 2001, 36:73-8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  133. Hayes K, Pronczuk A, Perlman D: Vitamin E in fortified cow milk uniquely enriches human plasma lipoproteins.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 74:211-8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  134. Forssen KM, Jagerstad MI, Wigertz K, Witthoft CM: Folates and dairy products: a critical update.

    J Am Coll Nutr 2000, 19:100S-110S. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  135. Forman JP, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC: Folate intake and the risk of incident hypertension among US women.

    JAMA 2005, 293:320-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  136. Staff AC, Holven K, Løken EB, Sygnestveit K, Vollset SE, Smeland S: Does folic acid have effects on other health problems than neural tube defects?

    Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2005, 125:438-41. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  137. Akoglu B, Faust D, Milovic V, Stein J: Folate and chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: Is 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate an active antiproliferative agent in folate-treated colon-cancer cells?

    Nutrition 2001, 17:652-3. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  138. Institute of Medicine: Food and Nutrition Board. Op.Sit. 8–11 and Suitor CW, Bailay LB. Dietary folate equivalents:interpretation and application.

    J Am Diet Assoc 2000, 100:88-94. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  139. Picciano MF, West SG, Ruch AL, Kris-Etherton PM, Zhao G, Johnston KE, Maddox DH, Fishell VK, Dirienzo DB, Tamura T: Effect of cow milk on food folate bioavailability in young women.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:1565-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  140. Ganji V, Kafai MR: Frequent consumption of milk, yogurt, cold breakfast cereals, peppers, and cruciferous vegetables and intakes of dietary folate and riboflavin but not vitamins B-12 and B-6 are inversely associated with serum total homocysteine concentrations in the US population.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 80:1500-7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  141. Persson A: Clinical assessment of udder health status of sows at time of weaning with special reference to bacteriology and cytology in milk.

    Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1997, 44:143-58. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  142. Rossland E, Langsrud T, Granum PE, Sorhaug T: Production of antimicrobial metabolites by strains of Lactobacillus or Lactococcus co-cultured with Bacillus cereus in milk.

    Int J Food Microbiol 2005, 98:193-200. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  143. Forchielli ML, Walker WA: The role of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and mucosal defence.

    Br J Nutr 2005, 93(Suppl 1):S41-8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  144. Vinderola CG, Duarte J, Thangavel D, Perdigon G, Farnworth E, Matar C: Immunomodulating capacity of kefir.

    J Dairy Res 2005, 72:195-202. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  145. Leblanc J, Fliss I, Matar C: Induction of a humoral immune response following an Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection with an immunomodulatory peptidic fraction derived from Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk.

    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2004, 11:1171-81. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  146. Watson JL, McKay DM: The immunophysiological impact of bacterial CpG DNA on the gut.

    Clin Chim Acta 2006, 364(1–2):1-11. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  147. Branca F, Rossi L: The role of fermented milk in complementary feeding of young children: lessons from transition countries.

    Eur J Clin Nutr 2002, 56(Suppl 4):S16-20. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  148. O'Sullivan L, Ross RP, Hill C: Potential of bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria for improvements in food safety and quality.

    Biochimie 2002, 84:593-604. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  149. De Vrese M, Stegelmann A, Richter B, Fenselau S, Laue C, Schrezenmeir J: Probiotics – compensation for lactase insufficiency.

    Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 73(2 Suppl):421S-429S. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  150. Vesa TH, Marteau PR, Briet FB, Boutron-Ruault MC, Rambaud JC: Raising milk energy content retards gastric emptying of lactose in lactose-intolerant humans with little effect on lactose digestion.

    J Nutr 1997, 127:2316-20. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  151. Sanggaard KM, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Sandstrom B, Raben A, Tholstrup T: Different effects of whole milk and a fermented milk with the same fat and lactose content on gastric emptying and postprandial lipaemia, but not on glycaemic response and appetite.

    Br J Nutr 2004, 92:447-59. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  152. Pinnock CB, Graham NM, Mylvaganam A, Douglas RM: Relationship between milk intake and mucus production in adult volunteers challenged with rhinovirus-2.

    Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 141:352-6. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  153. Wuthrich B, Schmid A, Walther B, Sieber R: Milk consumption does not lead to mucus production or occurrence of asthma.

    J Am Coll Nutr 2005, 24:547S-55S. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  154. Ushida Y, Shimokawa Y, Toida T, Matsui H, Takase M: Bovine alpha-lactalbumin stimulates mucus metabolism in gastric mucosa.

    J Dairy Sci 2007, 90:541-6. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  155. NAAF's faktaark. Melkeallergi [http://www.naaf.no/no/Fakta/Mat/Nyttig_a_vite_om_melkeallergi_-__NAAFs_faktaark/] webcite

    2007. OpenURL

    (accessed September 1, 2007)

    Return to text

  156. Wal JM: Bovine milk allergenicity.

    Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004, 93(5 Suppl 3):S2-11. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  157. Von Ehrenstein OS, von Mutius E, Illi S, Baumann L, Böhm O, von Kries R:

    Clin Exp Allergy. 2000, 30:187-93. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  158. Liu Y, Reichelt KL: A serotonin uptake-stimulating tetra-peptide found in urines from ADHD children.

    World J Biol Psychiatry 2001, 2:144-8. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  159. Hellzen M, Larsson JO, Reichelt KL, Rydelius PA: Urinary peptide levels in women with eating disorders. A pilot study.

    Eat Weight Disord 2003, 8:55-61. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  160. Reichelt KL, Knivsberg AM: Can the pathophysiology of autism be explained by the nature of the discovered urine peptides?

    Nutr Neurosci 2003, 6:19-28. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  161. Kolars JC, Levitt MD, Aouji M, Savaiano DA: Yogurt – an autodigesting source of lactose.

    N Engl J Med 1984, 310:1-3. PubMed Abstract | OpenURL

    Return to text

  162. Frey PA: The Leloir pathway: a mechanistic imperative for three enzymes to change the stereochemical configuration of a single carbon in galactose.

    FASEB J 1996, 10:461-70. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  163. Cramer DW, Xu H, Sahi T: Adult hypolactasia, milk consumption, and age-specific fertility.

    Am J Epidemiol 1994, 139:282-89. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  164. Zisu B, Shah NP: Effects of pH, temperature, supplementation with whey protein concentrate, and adjunct cultures on the production of exopolysaccharides by Streptococcus thermophilus 1275.

    J Dairy Sci 2003, 86:3405-15. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  165. Liu G, Shi F, Blas-Machado U, Duong Q, Davis VL, Foster WG, Hughes CL: Ovarian effects of a high lactose diet in the female rat.

    Reprod Nutr Dev 2005, 45:185-92. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  166. Lund MN, Olsen K, Sorensen J, Skibsted LH: Kinetics and mechanism of lactosylation of alpha-lactalbumin.

    J Agric Food Chem 2005, 53:2095-102. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  167. Ankrah NA, Appiah-Opong R, Dzokoto C: Human breastmilk storage and the glutathione content.

    J Trop Pediatr 2000, 46:111-3. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  168. Jenkins TC, McGuire MA: Major advances in nutrition: impact on milk composition.

    J Dairy Sci 2006, 89:1302-10. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  169. Mosley EE, Shafii Dagger B, Moate PJ, McGuire MA: cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized directly from vaccenic acid in lactating dairy cattle.

    J Nutr 2006, 136:570-75. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  170. Palmquist DL, Beaulieu AD, Barbano DM: Feed and animal factors influencing milk fat composition.

    J Dairy Sci 1993, 76:1753-71. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  171. Ekern A, Havrevoll Ø, Haug A, Berg J, Lindstad P, Skeie S: Oat and barley based concentrate supplements for dairy cows.

    Acta Agric Scand., Sect A, Animal Sci 2003, 53:65-73. Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  172. Chilliard Y, Ferlay A: Dietary lipids and forages interactions on cow and goat milk fatty acid composition and sensory properties.

    Reprod Nutr Dev 2004, 44:467-92. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  173. Ward AT, Wittenberg KM, Froebe HM, Przybylski R, Malcolmson L: Fresh forage and solin supplementation on conjugated linoleic acid levels in plasma and milk.

    J Dairy Sci 2003, 86:1742-50. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  174. Meltretter J, Seeber S, Humeny A, Becker CM, Pischetsrieder M: Site-Specific Formation of Maillard, Oxidation, and Condensation Products from Whey Proteins during Reaction with Lactose.

    J Agric Food Chem 2007, 55:6096-103. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  175. Neville MC, Zhang P, Allen JC: Minerals, ions and trace elements in milk.In Handbook of milk composition. Edited by: Jensen RG. Academic Press, USA; 1995:543-575. OpenURL

    Return to text

  176. Casey CE, Smith A, Zhang P: Microminerals in human and animal milk.In Handbook of milk composition. Edited by: Jensen RG. Academic Press, USA; 1995:543-575. OpenURL

    Return to text

  177. Ortman K, Pehrson B: Effect of selenate as a feed supplement to dairy cows in comparison to selenite and selenium yeast.

    J Anim Sci 1999, 77:3365-70. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  178. Crout NM, Voigt G: Modeling the dynamics of radioiodine in dairy cows.

    J Dairy Sci 1996, 79:254-9. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  179. Dahl L, Opsahl JA, Meltzer HM, Julshamn K: Iodine concentration in Norwegian milk and dairy products.

    Br J Nutr 2003, 90:679-85. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | OpenURL

    Return to text

  180. Jensen RG: Fat soluble vitamins in bovine milk.In Handbook of milk composition. Edited by: Jensen RG. Academic Press, USA; 1995:718-725. OpenURL

    Return to text

  181. Syvaoja EL, Piironen V, Varo P, Koivistoinen P, Salminen K: Tocopherols and tocotrienols in Finnish foods: Dairy products and eggs.

    Milchwissenschaft 1985, 40:467-69. OpenURL

    Return to text

  182. McDonald P, Edwards RA, Greenhalgh JFD, Morgan CA: Animal nutrition. Sixth edition. Pearson, Prentice Hall, UK; 2002. OpenURL

    Return to text